In an opinion article for the magazine Vida Judiciária, Miguel Godinho, Junior Associate at CCA's Technologies, Media & Telecommunications Area, analyses the concept of cyber attack and its application in the context of armed conflicts between nations.
"A cyber attack may or may not constitute an effective use of force, an armed attack being the most serious form of use of force. Thus, if a cyber-attack causes a momentary interruption of non-essential services, it cannot be said that there was an armed attack or use of force", underlines the Junior Associate.